Propylene oxide
Propylene oxide
CAS: 75-56-9
Molecular Formula: C3H6O
Propylene oxide - Names and Identifiers
| Name | Propylene oxide |
| Synonyms | PO Epoxypropane PROPYLENOXIDE Methyloxirane Propyleneoxide 2-Methyloxiran Propylene oxide 1,2-Epoxypropane PROPYLENEOXIDE,REAGENT 1,2-Epoxypropane(Propylene oxide) (±)-Methyloxirane, 1,2-Epoxypropane propylene oxide 1,2-epoxypropane methyloxirane |
| CAS | 75-56-9 |
| EINECS | 200-879-2 |
| InChI | InChI=1/C3H6O/c1-3-2-4-3/h3H,2H2,1H3 |
Propylene oxide - Physico-chemical Properties
| Molecular Formula | C3H6O |
| Molar Mass | 58.08 |
| Density | 0.83g/mLat 25°C(lit.) |
| Melting Point | -112 °C |
| Boling Point | 34°C(lit.) |
| Flash Point | −35°F |
| Water Solubility | 40 g/100 mL (20 ºC) |
| Solubility | 425-450g/l |
| Vapor Presure | 29.43 psi ( 55 °C) |
| Vapor Density | 2 (vs air) |
| Appearance | Liquid |
| Color | Clear |
| Odor | Ethereal; characteristic; sweet, alcoholyc; like natural gas. |
| Exposure Limit | TLV-TWA 50 mg/m3(20 ppm) (ACGIH),240 mg/m3(100 ppm) (OSHA); IDLH2000 ppm. |
| Merck | 14,7856 |
| BRN | 79763 |
| Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
| Stability | Stable. Incompatible with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, copper, copper alloys, brass, bronze, iron, metal chlorides, peroxides and a wide variety of other materials. Reacts with compounds containing |
| Explosive Limit | 1.9-36%(V) |
| Refractive Index | n20/D 1.366(lit.) |
| Physical and Chemical Properties | Colorless, low-boiling flammable liquid with ether odor. Industrial products are racemic mixtures of two optical isomers. melting point boiling point 34.24 ℃ freezing point -112.13 ℃ relative density 0.859 refractive index 1.3664 flash point <-37 ℃ solubility partially miscible with water [40.5% by weight solubility in water at 20 °c; water has a solubility of 12.8% by weight in propylene oxide], is miscible with ethanol, diethyl ether, and forms a binary azeotrope with dichloromethane, pentane, pentene, cyclopentane, cyclopentene, etc. |
| Use | Important petrochemical raw materials for the production of Polyether, propylene glycol, surfactant, foaming agent, demulsifier, mineral processing agents |
Propylene oxide - Risk and Safety
| Risk Codes | R45 - May cause cancer R46 - May cause heritable genetic damage R12 - Extremely Flammable R20/21/22 - Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. |
| Safety Description | S53 - Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) |
| UN IDs | UN 1280 3/PG 1 |
| WGK Germany | 3 |
| RTECS | TZ2975000 |
| TSCA | Yes |
| HS Code | 2910 20 00 |
| Hazard Class | 3 |
| Packing Group | I |
| Toxicity | LD50 orally in rats: 1.14 g/kg (Smyth) |
Propylene oxide - Upstream Downstream Industry
Propylene oxide - Reference Information
Open Data Unverified Data
| freezing point | -112.13 ℃ |
| Henry's Law Constant | Not an environmentally important parameter because propylene oxide reacts rapidly with water |
| (IARC) carcinogen classification | 2B (Vol. Sup 7, 60) 1994 |
| NIST chemical information | information provided by: webbook.nist.gov (external link) |
| EPA chemical substance information | information provided by: ofmpeb.epa.gov (external link) |
| Use of propylene oxide | propylene oxide is a good low boiling solvent and raw material for organic synthesis, can be used for the preparation of propylene glycol, glycerin, propylene glycol, polyester resin, foam and surfactant. It can also be used as a solvent for cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, resins and the like. Propylene oxide reacts with ammonia to generate isopropanolamine (Monoisopropanolamine, diisopropanolamine, triisopropanolamine). Isopropanolamine is alkaline and can absorb acid gas, which is widely used in gas purification, such as desulfurization in ammonia industry, carbon dioxide removal, etc. The usage of propylene oxide for various purposes: Polyether polyol (the main raw material of polyurethane foam) 60%, propylene glycol (the raw material of Unsaturated Polyester Resin) 8%~ 10%, reinforced Plastics and non-toxic solvents, etc. 20% ~ 25%, surfactant 5%~ 10%. In 1860, propylene oxide was first synthesized in the laboratory by B. In 1931, the United Carbide Company of the United States built the world's first plant for the production of propylene oxide by chlorohydrin method. Indirect oxidation processes were developed in Spain and the United States in the 1960s. At present, these 2 methods are produced, each accounting for 50%, but the latter has a tendency to come to the top. |
| toxicity | the toxicity of propylene oxide is smaller than that of ethylene oxide, which is mainly stimulative effect, and has mild anesthetic and protoplasmic toxicity. Direct contact can stimulate the skin, severe cases cause skin necrosis. The olfactory threshold was 360mg/m3. Several minutes after inhalation of high concentration, the patient was poisoned, with eye and upper respiratory tract irritation symptoms, Dyspnea, head pain, dizziness, weakness, calf muscle spasm, gait instability, Nausea, Vomit and Diarrhea, restlessness, delirium, Coma. Elevated blood pressure, arrhythmia, myocardial damage, gastrointestinal bleeding, toxic intestinal paralysis and liver and kidney damage can be seen in the course of the disease. because its toxic symptoms may be related to the increase of histamine and other bioactive substances in the body, it can be treated with anti-histamine drugs and sodium thiosulfate. The threshold value of propylene oxide in workshop air is temporarily set at 240mg/m3 (TLV-TWA, US, 1980), and the maximum allowable concentration is 1mg/m3 (Su, 1972). LD50580mg/kg (mouse, oral) directly inhaled its vapor can cause Vomit, Diarrhea, Coma. |
| identification test | solubility 1g is dissolved in OT-42 of water, miscible in ethanol and diethyl ether (). |
| content analysis | the same as the content analysis method in "07115, Ethylene Oxide", but the formula is changed to: Propylene oxide (%) = NaOH solution volume (ml)× 0.0581/sample mass × 100% (a) |
| Use limit | Disinfection the maximum allowable concentration of the site is 1mg/m3. |
| uses | mainly used in the production of propylene glycol, polyether polyol, polypropylene glycol, propylene glycol ether and synthetic glycerin, also used in the manufacture of isopropanolamine, propylene carbonate, etc. used in organic synthesis and plastic manufacturing, also used as solvent, chromatographic analysis standard material propylene oxide is an intermediate of the herbicide metolachlor, and is also an important organic synthesis chemical raw material, propylene glycol, allyl alcohol, propionaldehyde, isopropylamine, synthetic glycerin, organic acids and the like can be produced, and Nonionic Surfactants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, detergents and the like can also be produced. propylene oxide is an important organic chemical raw material and the third largest product of propylene series. Its biggest use is to prepare polyols (polyethers) and then to produce polyurethane, in the United States and Western Europe, these uses account for more than 60% and 70%, respectively. Propylene oxide is used to prepare Nonionic Surfactant, propylene glycol, isopropanolamine, propionaldehyde, synthetic glycerin, organic acid, synthetic resin, foam plastic, plasticizer, emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent, bactericide, fumigant, etc. Propylene oxide-derived fine chemicals are used in almost all industrial sectors and in daily life. germicidal disinfectant. important petrochemical raw materials, used in the production of Polyether, propylene glycol, surfactant, foaming agent, demulsifier, mineral processing agent, etc. |
| production method | chloropropanol is generated from propylene, chlorine and water at atmospheric pressure and 60 ℃, and then saponified, condensed, obtained by distillation. From the oxidation of ethylbenzene to ethylbenzene peroxide, in the catalytic naphthenic acid molybdenum, and propylene cyclization. There are mainly chlorine alcohol method and indirect oxidation method. 1. Chlorohydrin method from propylene and chlorine, water at atmospheric pressure and 60 ℃ by hypochlorous acid to generate chloropropanol, then saponification, condensation, distillation derived. 2. Indirect oxidation of ethylbenzene (or isobutane, cumene, etc.) by oxidation of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide (or tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, etc.), in the presence of catalysts such as molybdenum naphthenate, it is obtained by The epoxidation reaction with propylene. 3. Electrochemical chlorohydrin method this method uses an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (or potassium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide) to generate chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis. Propylene is introduced into the anode region to generate chloropropanol, the reaction of chloropropanol with sodium hydroxide in the cathode zone generates propylene oxide. There are several preparation methods. (1) chlorohydrin method with propylene as raw material, by hypochlorous acid, saponification, and then by concentration, distillation and product. The reaction of propylene and hypochlorous acid is carried out in an aqueous solution, and chlorine gas is mixed with hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid in a state of equilibrium in water, and the reaction temperature is 30-50 ℃, the resulting hydrous chloropropanol and 10% milk of lime are saponified in a saponification kettle. Steam is introduced into the saponification kettle, and the produced propylene oxide is distilled and then subjected to condensation rectification to obtain a finished product. CH3CH = CH2 + HOCl → CH3CHOHCH2Cl + CH3CHClCH2OH this method does not require high purity of propylene and high yield, but requires a large amount of chlorine gas and lime milk, which causes serious equipment corrosion, this method is mainly used to produce propylene oxide in our country because of the problem of environmental pollution. (2) the main process of peroxide method is the production of organic hydrogen peroxide, and propylene is oxidized by peroxide. This reaction, whether it is the production of organic hydrogen peroxide or the transfer of oxygen from the peroxide to the propylene molecule in the presence of a catalyst, is a liquid-phase reaction in which, in addition to the main product, propylene oxide, there are co-products. At present, there have been achieved the industrialization of the ethyl benzene and the method of isobutane. Ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is prepared from ethylbenzene by oxidation, Epoxidation of propylene is carried out in the presence of a catalyst such as copper naphthenate to obtain propylene oxide and α-phenylethanol. Styrene can be obtained by dehydration. The reaction temperature of ethylbenzene oxidation is 130~150 ℃, the pressure is 0.07~0.14 MPa, the selectivity of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide is 90%, and the epoxidation temperature is 50~120 ℃, the pressure is normal pressure ~ 0.864 MPa. For example, a mixture of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide 14%, propylene 35%, ethylbenzene 50%, and α-phenylethanol 1%(mass fraction) is added to 0.4% manganese Naphthenate-sodium naphthenate (nMo/nNa = 2, molar ratio). As a catalyst, reaction at 100 ℃ for 1.5 h, the conversion of ethylbenzene hydroperoxide was 99%, and the selectivity of propylene oxide was 78%. The reaction product was treated by distillation to obtain propylene oxide product, in the dehydration reactor, α-phenylethanol was dehydrated at 250 to 280 ° C. Using TiO3-Al2O3 as a catalyst, and 100% was converted to styrene with a selectivity of 92%. The characteristics of this method: low cost, economic and reasonable, less three wastes, and combined production of styrene. Isobutane-hakang method takes isobutane as raw material, and then reacts with the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide to obtain propylene oxide and tert-butyl alcohol. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide is prepared at 100~110 deg C, without catalyst, usually with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as initiator, propylene epoxidation reaction conditions are reaction temperature 121 deg C, pressure 4.1 MPa. The reaction was carried out in the presence of molybdenum catalyst for 0.5 h. The yield of propylene oxide was 88% (calculated as peroxide) and the selectivity was 81%. This method can produce tert-butyl alcohol, the yield is about 60%,(CH3)2CHCH3 + O2 →(CH3)3COOH +(CH3)3COH |
| category | flammable liquid |
| toxicity grade | high toxicity |
| Acute toxicity | oral-rat LD50: 380 mg/kg; Oral-mouse LD50: 440 mg/kg |
| stimulation data | Skin-rabbit 415 mg moderate; Eye-rabbit 20 mg severe |
| explosive hazard characteristics | in case of ammonia, chlorosulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and fuming sulfuric acid can be exploded |
| flammability hazard characteristics | in case of open flame, high temperature, flammable oxidant; Combustion stimulus smoke |
| storage and transportation characteristics | The warehouse is ventilated and dried at low temperature; Stored separately from oxidants and acids |
| extinguishing agent | dry powder, dry sand, carbon dioxide, foam, 1211 extinguishing agent |
| Occupational Standard | TWA 100 PPM |
| spontaneous combustion temperature | 430°C |
| toxic substance data | information provided by: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (external link) |
| immediate life-and health-threatening concentration | 400 ppm |
Last Update：2024-04-09 19:43:38
Propylene oxide - Nature
Open Data Verified Data
colorless, low-boiling flammable liquid with ether odor. The industrial product is a racemic mixture of two optical isomers. Freezing point -112.13 °c. Boiling point 34. 24 °c. The relative density was 0.859. Flash point <-37 °c, refractive index 3664. Viscosity (25 ℃)0.28mPa.s is partially miscible with water [40.5% by weight solubility in water at 20 °c; Water solubility in propylene oxide 12. 8% by weight] is miscible with ethanol, ether, and forms a binary azeotrope with dichloromethane, pentane, pentene, cyclopentane, cyclopentene, etc.
Last Update：2024-01-02 23:10:35
Propylene oxide - Preparation Method
Open Data Verified Data
There are mainly chlorine alcohol method and indirect oxidation method.
- chlorohydrin method from propylene and chlorine gas, water under normal pressure and 60 deg C by hypochlorous acid to produce chloropropanol, and then saponification, condensation, distillation.
- indirect oxidation of ethylbenzene (or isobutane, cumene, etc.) via oxidation to ethylbenzene hydroperoxide (or tert-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, etc, it is obtained by The epoxidation reaction with propylene.
- electrochemical chlorohydrin method this method uses an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (or potassium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide) to generate chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis. Propylene is introduced into the anode region to generate chloropropanol, the reaction of chloropropanol with sodium hydroxide in the cathode zone generates propylene oxide.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:15:27
Propylene oxide - Use
Open Data Verified Data
important raw materials for organic synthesis, used in the manufacture of propylene glycol, propylene glycol, propionaldehyde, synthetic glycerin, organic acids, synthetic resins, foams, plasticizers, surfactants, emulsifiers, wetting agents, detergents, bactericide, fumigant, etc.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:15:27
Propylene oxide - Safety
Open Data Verified Data
- propylene oxide is a toxic substance, which has a stimulating effect on skin and mucosa, can damage the cornea and conjunctiva of the eye, cause pain in respiratory organs, swelling and burning of skin, and even cause tissue necrosis. Inhalation of its vapor can affect the central nervous system, showing depression and Vomit, Diarrhea, Coma, collapse and other symptoms. Mouse oral ld50580 mg/kg. The maximum allowable concentration in the air of the workplace is 1mg/m3. Operators should wear gas masks, goggles, and protective gloves.
- propylene oxide is a low-boiling, flammable liquid, the vapor can spontaneous combustion or explosion in the air, should be stored in accordance with the provisions of toxic dangerous goods. The storage tanks and reactors, etc. are preferably covered with an inert gas. The temperature and pressure of the container should be maintained at 25 °c and 0. 3MPa or less. Relevant fire and explosion prevention measures shall be implemented. Storage and transport containers should be made of stainless steel.
Last Update：2022-01-01 10:15:28
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View History
Raw Materials for Propylene oxide
Downstream Products for Propylene oxide
1-butoxypropan-2-ol
hydroxypropyl acrylate, mixture of isomers
Dimethyl carbonate
Tris(2-hydroxypropyl)amine
hydroxypropyl acrylate, mixture of isomers
Dimethyl carbonate
Tris(2-hydroxypropyl)amine